The Controversy Behind the Indonesian TNI Bill: Why It Was Passed and Why Students Are Protesting

The recent passage of the revised Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) Bill by the House of Representatives (DPR) has sparked widespread protests, particularly among students and civil society groups. The bill’s provisions have raised concerns about the potential return of military influence in civilian affairs, reminiscent of Indonesia’s past under the dual-function (dwifungsi) military doctrine. This article explores the reasons behind the bill’s approval and the opposition it has encountered.

Why Did the DPR Pass the TNI Bill?

The Indonesian Parliament defended the revisions in the TNI Bill as a necessary measure to modernize the armed forces and adapt to contemporary security challenges. Key reasons cited for its approval include:

1. Enhancing Military Roles in Government: The bill allows active military personnel to occupy at least 14 strategic civilian positions, including in ministries and state institutions. Proponents argue that this change will strengthen national security and ensure better coordination between the military and civilian government agencies.
2. Strengthening Internal Security: The revised bill expands the military’s role in handling domestic security threats, such as terrorism and separatist movements. Lawmakers argue that the TNI needs greater autonomy to respond quickly to national security concerns.
3. Legal Clarity on Military Involvement in Civil Affairs: The bill is intended to formalize and regulate the military’s participation in civil administration, preventing ad hoc assignments that lack clear legal backing.
4. Addressing Military Welfare and Professionalism: The revisions include provisions to improve the welfare of military personnel, including retirement benefits and career advancements, which DPR members claim will support military professionalism.

Why Are Students and Civil Groups Opposing the Bill?

Despite government assurances, critics see the bill as a significant setback for democracy and military reform in Indonesia. Key concerns raised by protesters include:

1. Threat to Civilian Supremacy: The most controversial aspect of the bill is the provision allowing active military personnel to hold civilian positions. Activists argue that this undermines the principle of civilian supremacy over the military, a core tenet of democratic governance.
2. Potential Return of Dwifungsi ABRI: The bill is seen as a revival of the New Order-era dwifungsi ABRI, which allowed the military to dominate both defense and governance. Protesters fear that this could erode democratic progress and reinstate military control over civil institutions.
3. Risk of Human Rights Violations: Expanding military authority in internal security matters raises concerns about potential abuses, given past instances of human rights violations by security forces.
4. Lack of Transparency and Public Consultation: Many students and civil organizations argue that the bill was rushed without adequate public discussion or input, leading to suspicions of hidden political agendas.
5. Military Involvement in Business and Corruption Risks: Critics warn that allowing military personnel to engage in civilian affairs could increase opportunities for corruption and misuse of state resources.

Protests and Public Reactions

Demonstrations against the TNI Bill have taken place across Indonesia, with large student-led protests in major cities such as Jakarta, Semarang, and Yogyakarta. Clashes between protesters and security forces have resulted in injuries, arrests, and allegations of excessive use of force by the police. Civil society groups have called for the bill’s repeal or substantial revision to align with democratic principles.

Conclusion

The passage of the revised TNI Bill reflects ongoing tensions between national security interests and democratic governance in Indonesia. While the government argues that the bill enhances security and military professionalism, critics see it as a dangerous step backward toward military intervention in civil affairs. As protests continue, the debate over the role of the military in Indonesia’s democracy remains a critical issue for the country’s future.